Tin Facts (Atomic Number 50 or Sn)

Tin is silver or gray metal with atomic number 50 and element symbol Sn. It is known for its use for early canned goods and in the manufacture of bronze and pewter. Here is a collection of tin element facts. Fast Facts: Tin Element Name: TinElement Symbol: SnAtomic Number: 50Atomic Weight: 118.71Appearance: Silver metal (alpha, ÃŽ ±) or gray metal (beta, ÃŽ ²)Group: Group 14 (Carbon Group)Period: Period 5Electron Configuration: [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p2Discovery: Known to mankind since around 3500 BCE Tin  Basic Facts Tin has been known since ancient times. The first tin alloy to gain widespread use was bronze, an alloy of tin and copper. Humans knew how to make bronze as early as 3000 BCE. Word Origin: Anglo-Saxon tin, Latin stannum, both names for the element tin. Named after Etruscan god, Tinia; denoted by the Latin symbol for stannum. Isotopes: Many isotopes of tin are known. Ordinary tin is composed of ten stable isotopes. Twenty-nine unstable isotopes have been recognized and 30 metastable isomers exist. Tin has the greatest number of stable isotopes of any element, due to its atomic number, which is a magic number in nuclear physics. Properties: Tin has a melting point of 231.9681 °C, boiling point of 2270 °C, specific gravity (gray) of 5.75 or (white) 7.31, with a valence of 2 or 4. Tin is a malleable silvery-white metal which takes a high polish. It possesses a highly crystalline structure and is moderately ductile. When a bar of tin is bent, the crystals break, producing a characteristic tin cry. Two or three allotropic forms of tin exist. Gray or a tin has a cubic structure. Upon warming, at 13.2 °C gray tin changes to white or b tin, which has a tetragonal structure. This transition from the a to the b form is termed the tin pest. A g form may exist between 161 °C and the melting point. When tin is cooled below 13.2 °C, it slowly changes from the white form to the gray form, although the transition is affected by impurities such as zinc or aluminum and can be prevented if small amounts of bismuth or antimony are present. Tin is resistant to attack by sea, distilled, or soft tap water, but it will c orrode in strong acids, alkalis, and acid salts. The presence of oxygen in a solution accelerates the rate of corrosion. Uses: Tin is used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion. Tin plate over steel is use to make corrosion-resistant cans for food. Some of the important alloys of tin are soft solder, fusible metal, type metal, bronze, pewter, Babbitt metal, bell metal, die casting alloy, White metal, and phosphor bronze. The chloride SnCl ·H2O is used as a reducing agent and as a mordant for printing calico. Tin salts may be sprayed onto glass to produce electrically conductive coatings. Molten tin is used to float molten glass to produce window glass. Crystalline tin-niobium alloys are superconductive at very low temperatures. Sources: The primary source of tin is cassiterite (SnO2). Tin is obtained by reducing its ore with coal in a reverberatory furnace. Toxicity: Elemental tin metal, its salts, and its oxides present low toxicity. Tin-plated steel cans are still widely used for food preservation. Exposure levels of 100 mg/m3 are considered immediately dangerous. Legal permissible exposure from contact or inhalation is typically set around 2 mg/m3 per 8-hour work day. In contrast, organotin compounds are highly toxic, on par with that of cyanide. Organotin compounds are used to stabilize PVC, in organic chemistry, to make lithium ion batteries, and as biocidal agents. Tin  Physical Data Element Classification: MetalDensity (g/cc): 7.31Melting Point (K): 505.1Boiling Point (K): 2543Appearance: silvery-white, soft, malleable, ductile metalAtomic Radius (pm): 162Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 16.3Covalent Radius (pm): 141Ionic Radius: 71 (4e) 93 (2)Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.222Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 7.07Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 296Debye Temperature (K): 170.00Pauling Negativity Number: 1.96First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 708.2Oxidation States: 4, 2Lattice Structure: TetragonalLattice Constant (Ã…): 5.820 Sources Emsley, John (2001). Tin. Natures Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 445–450. ISBN 0-19-850340-7.Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

Are Athletic Departments At The University Of Kentucky

When it comes to going to college, one would think that athletic departments at schools like University of Kentucky and University of North Carolina would make the effort to put strong emphasis for their student-athletes to have a high academic standing in order to play. Sadly now a days, the case is the opposite and they ultimately lose as students. Domonique Foxworth, who played college football at the University of Maryland from 2002 to 2004, he sparks conversation with the statement that â€Å"When I played college football in the University of Maryland, we kind of had a motto, which is that C’s get degrees. That’s what we do. Everyone pretends, but you know that your responsibility is to win football games.† (Schooled: The Price of College Sports). He also adds that â€Å"I knew it was more valuable to my school that I get a C on an exam. An interception on Saturday than it was that I get straight A’s and get no interceptions on Saturday; that doesnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t bring in the fans to fill the stadium† (Foxworth). Kevin Anderson, Athletic Director at University Of Maryland, makes a comment saying â€Å"We’re providing an opportunity for a lot of young people that wouldn’t have that opportunity. How do you put a price tag on that? How do you put a price tag on education?†. (Schooled: The Price of College Sports). Foster states on the contrary, â€Å"†¦.but football interferes with being a student first† (Foster) There was a study conducted by Suzanne Cosh and Phillip Tully in South Australia where theyShow MoreRelatedCollege Athletes : The Masters Of Multitasking1305 Words   |  6 Pagesdoubt are the masters of multitasking. Not only being able to play there individual sports at a high level but also finding the time to dedicate to there academics and achieve relatively decent grades. The amount of time that they dedicate to there university out on the game field and in the classroom should be deserving of a reward. Some argue that the problem would be that not every school can afford to give college athletes a decent compensation in every sport; for instance teams that do not bringRead MoreBenefits Of Faculty And Staff Of Universities1621 Words   |  7 PagesMutual Benefits. Faculty and staff of universities also benefit from student athletes. Specifically, among these faculty and staff, a major topic of debate has been the salaries of college coaches. As coaches have continued to be pa id more over the past years, the debate to pay college athletes has gained momentum. Through the disparity between student athletes’ compensation and coaches’ salaries the unbalanced system allows athletes to earn below minimum wage while coaches like Nick Saban of AlabamaRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1088 Words   |  5 Pagespeople say â€Å"yes sure it’s a great idea†. Others say â€Å"no not at this time†. Paying college athletes for participating in sports is a bad idea. Athletes getting paid to play sports could take the focus of education away, it would cost way too much for universities, take the love and passion of the sport away, and many other reasons. Mostly all athletes get scholarships anyway which pays for their tuition, dorm, meals, etc. As the athletes receiving scholarships have a full ride through college their paymentRead MoreShould The Ncaa Pay College Athletes?989 Words   |  4 Pagesmillions of dollars, but bil lions of dollars, and that enriches everybody around expect themselves†- Joe Nocera (Should the NCAA Pay College Athletes?). In an effort to draw a clear line between college and professional sports, the National Collegiate Athletic Association has prohibited the payment of athletes for their sports related skills by emphasizing that college sport is one of the many branches of the educational program. However, it is my belief that the established guidelines by the NCAA seemRead MoreMarketing And Communication Strategies Of Sidearm Sports1355 Words   |  6 PagesMARKETING AND COMMUNICATION Introduction A strong marketing and communication plan provides IACR the opportunity to engage alumni, parents, staff, students, and friends of Javelina athletics. The ADDA will collaborate with the ICAR and OASG to execute the marketing and communication strategies. The communication and marketing pieces will focus on general mass communication and affinity driven alumni-athlete communication. The communication strategies will include: †¢ Digital communication (emailRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1708 Words   |  7 Pageswell as the players, has become a very hot pressed topic in which the collegiate athlete is losing out on much of the money generated by their performances either on the field or the court. Because many of these players help bring in money to the university, they believe that a portion of that money should be given back to them. Millions of dollars are made each year in collegiate sports but few of those dollars have been given back to the players, who are the one’s actually playing the sports collegesRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid? Essay1567 Words   |  7 Pagesofficial non-profit intercollegiate organization that represents athletes from all colleges and universities. Subsequently, it became permanently known as the NCAA in 1910. In the last few decades, college sports have grown vastly in popularity and as a result of this popularity, the growth of monetary r evenue for institutions have increased substantially (Mondello et.al 106). With the success of college athletics, it is no wonder the monetary gain has come to the forefront and is now one the greatestRead MoreCollege Sports Is Not A Career Or Profession1285 Words   |  6 Pagessays that there are only fourteen schools that are making profit without have to rely on institutional support. Those schools include, Notre Dame, Louisiana State University, Alabama, University of Missouri, University of Texas, University of Florida, University of Tennessee, Nebraska, and Ohio State University. She uses Western Kentucky as an example and explains how they spend 5.6 million dollars on grants-in-aid and then take 8.2 million dollars from the school to balance the budget. She then saysRead MoreTitle Ix And Its Impact On Society1439 Words   |  6 Pagesof life but when most people think of Title IX, sport first comes to mind. Women had played sports before this time, but did not receive all the same opportunities as men. Women athletic programs were not provided with the same funds that men sports and female college athletes received only two percent of overall athletic budgets. There was much less woman participating in sports than men so before Title IX only 1 in 27 girls played high school sports. After Title IX, things drastically changedRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1390 Words   |  6 PagesA highly debated topic in college sports today is whether or not schools should begin to pay their athletes. As major college sports become more popular, more money is being brought into universities because of their athletics. High level Division 1 coaches and athletic directors make millions of dollars, and some are the highest paid state employees if they are at a public institution. Because of the profits athletes can generate for schools, student-athletes should receive some amount of compensation

Basic Steps in Planning and Writing A Successful Grant Application

Question: Describe about the Basic Steps in Planning and Writing A Successful Grant Application. Answer: Background: A request for proposal has been placed by the federal government which is related to the sale of the computers, their installation, and repairing. The requirement of the proposal is highlighted with equipments needed for the satellite site such as ten desktop computers, capabilities of wireless LAN, LED monitor of 20 inch, hard drive of 500 Giga byte, RAM of 8 Giga byte, high speed printer, scanner, or fax machine. The software support should be of window 7 operating system. The proposal should include the techniques for overcoming 11 LAN drops from the server. As the owner of the small computer consulting business which is located n Beaumont, the biggest challenge which is to be faced is to design the proposal to be approved by the government and helps in overcoming the competitors. Proposed Model: The design below shows the placement or installation of the equipments which are needed for maintaining the new satellite site. Techniques for overcoming 11 LAN drops from the server are summarized below: Sometimes the speed of detecting the network connection is complicated; to overcome this problem auto detection system should be used (Rinehart, 2003)). Identification of the denial of service attacks The web server which are used should be of high bandwidth The limit should be proposed for the router to overcoming the congestion Filters should be added to drop the packets which are predicted as attacks Proposed timeout schedule for the half open connection Malformed packages should be dropped Facility of calling ISP or hosting provider Filters should be added to drop the packets which are predicted as attacks Advantages of the proposed solution: It provide the flexibility to the system over the wired network which was used by the company The installation of the proposed solution is easy It is a durable solution for the problem which is encountered of LAN drops It is cost effective The mobility is provided in the communication Convenience in providing strength to the devices The problem of losing of connection can be overcome Improved version of responsiveness Easy accessibility to the information The network expansion can be easily handled The coverage area of the proposed solution is high It provides security from the unauthorized users Problem of installation can be overcome The proposed solution is less expensive because it requires the minimum cost for installation of the system and no additional cost for improving the infrastructure. Benefits of new satellite site: Ubiquitous coverage Consistency in the quality of the service provided to the end user No additional infrastructure is needed Predictability of the cost can be easily done Better congestion control of the traffic The satellite connection are scalable and reconfigurable It keeps monitoring on the total network management It provides security from the unauthorized users It is a long term solution for the technological problem New services can be easily added up Improved version of responsiveness Proposed Schedule: The proposed completion of the project is of duration of 87 days. The starting date of the project is Friday, 15 July, 2016. The finishing date of the project is Monday, 14 November, 2016. The activities which are associated with the project can be categorized as procurement of the computer, identification of the specification of the system, selection of the specific model which is based on the specific requirement, communication with the vendors, purchasing of the equipment from the vendors, assembling of the computer equipments, installation of the computer equipments, training provided to the staff, and commissioning of the system (Steven, 2015). The time is also required to train the staff according to the proposed model of new satellite site (Bob, 2013). The complete information of the schedule is described in the table which is summarized in the appendix. Proposed Budget: The proposed budget of the whole project is $ 11,093.15. For the implementation of the project the hardware equipments which are needed can be categorized as desktop monitor, hard disk drive, RAM, wireless router, wire based connection, wireless NIC, and high speed combination copier/printer/scanner/FAX machine (Buhalis, 2012). The other costs which are associated with the project are installation of the operating system, total installation of the lab, and miscellaneous. The complete information of the budget with quantity and individual cost is described in the table which is summarized in the appendix. Proposed Services: Our Company offers 24 * 7 hours service facility Provides the facility of customer service Provides the facility for maintenance of the system Enhanced Service facility Minimum cost of equipments Warranty of the equipment used in designing the proposed model Clear description of the schedule of the plan and accordingly the delivery of the project (Richard, 2010) Conclusion: The design is shown which covers the placement or installation of the equipments which are needed for maintaining the new satellite site. Sometimes the speed of detecting the network connection is complicated and to overcome this problem auto detection system should be used. The proposed completion of the project is of duration of 87 days. The proposed budget of the whole project is $ 11,093.15. The new satellite site proposed solution provides the flexibility to the system over the wired network which was used by the company. In the proposed solution the security concern is taken into consideration to overcome the problem of accessing the system by the unauthorized user. References: Rinehart, E. (2003). PROPOSAL WRITING The Basic Steps in Planning and Writing A Successful Grant Application (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.illinois.gov/dceo/SmallBizAssistance/BeginHere/Documents/ProposalWriting2003.pdf Steven, B. (2015). Business Proposal (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www-bcf.usc.edu/~trinagre/itp101/labs/ITP101_Lab1_PowerPoint.pdf Bob, O. (2013). Sample Proposal for Organizational Development Services (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://managementhelp.org/misc/Sample-Proposal.pdf Buhalis, C. (2012). A Guide to Writing a Request for Proposal (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.werc.org/assets/1/assetmanager/rfpwritingguide.pdf Richard, D. (2010). Sample Proposals (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.alanweiss.com/styles/pdf/Sample%20Proposals.pdf

The History of Rocketry free essay sample

The history of rocketry from concept to modern day space travel. Researches the rocket engines international development and significance in the space program. This research paper investigates the science of rocketry starting with the original concept, up to the present day space program. Developments in Germany, Russia, and the U.S. are detailed, along with the ways in which rockets have been used both on earth and in space. Most of the paper will deal with the development of the rocket engine up to its present day standards and its history in space flight. From the paper: The notion of flying has fascinated people since the beginning of history, and most likely since the beginning of time. With the development of astronomy, man shifted that dream to another realm: outer space. Robert H. Goddard, a physicist of the early 1900?s, once told a story in his autobiography of how he was inspired to follow the dream of space flight. We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Rocketry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He recalls once when he was 17 years old; he was trimming branches in a cherry tree, and looked out at the sprawling country landscape. He imagined how fabulous it would be to soar upward into space, watching the earth receding below him. ?I was a different boy when I descended the ladder,? Goddard states, ?Life had now a purpose for me.?